Volvo Cars (Swedish: Volvo personvagnar), stylized as VOLVO in the logo, is a Swedish luxury vehicle manufacturer established in 1927 and headquartered on Hisingen, in Gothenburg. Since 2010 it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Geely of China.Volvo Cars was founded as a subsidiary of the ball bearing manufacturer SKF.[1] When AB Volvo was introduced on the Stockholm stock exchange in 1935, SKF sold most of the shares in the company. Volvo Cars was owned by AB Volvo until 1999, when it was sold to the Ford Motor Company as part of its Premier Automotive Group. In 2010, the Geely Holding Group then acquired Volvo Cars from Ford.[2]
Volvo Cars manufactures and markets sport utility vehicles, station wagons, sedans, compact executive sedans, and coupes. With approximately 2,300 local dealers from around 100 national sales companies worldwide, Volvo Cars’ largest markets are China, the United States, Sweden, and the other countries in the European Union.[3]
2015 was the first year it sold more than half a million cars in its 89-year history. Volvo reported strong sales from all three core global regions. Sales in Europe rose 10% in 2015 to 269k, representing over 50% of total global volume. Volvo’s revival in the US gained momentum, with sales up 24% in 2015, while China was flat amid a challenging sales environment, but sales were up 11% in the fourth quarter.
History
1927–1999
Volvo company was founded in 1927, in Gothenburg, Sweden, The company was created as a subsidiary company 100% owned by SKF. Assar Gabrielsson was appointed the managing director and Gustav Larson as the technical manager.
Cars are driven by people. The guiding principle behind everything we make at Volvo, therefore, is and must remain, safety
The trademark Volvo (which is Latin for I roll) was first registered by SKF the 11 May 1915 with the intention to use it for a special series of ball bearing for the American market but it was never used for this purpose (however in the application for the trademark, it was also designated for the purpose of automobiles). The SKF trademark as it looks today was used instead for all the SKF-products. Some pre-series of Volvo-bearings stamped with the brand name ‘Volvo’ were manufactured but never released to the market, and it was not until 1927 that the trademark was used again, now as a trademark and company name for an automobile.
The first Volvo car left the assembly line on 14 April 1927, and was called Volvo ÖV 4. After this the young company produced closed top and cabriolet vehicles, which were designed to hold strong in the Swedish climate and terrain. In the registration application for Volvo logotype in 1927, they simply made a copy of the entire radiator for ÖV4, viewed from the front.
Presented in 1944 the Volvo PV444 passenger car only entered production in 1947. It was the smallest Volvo yet and was to take the lion’s share of Volvo production, as well as spearheading their move into the profitable American market. The first Volvos arrived in the United States in 1955, after hardware wholesaler Leo Hirsh began distributing cars in California. Later, Texas was added, and in 1956, Volvo themselves began importing cars to the US. North America has consistently provided Volvo with their main outlet since.[7]
In 1963, Volvo opened the Volvo Halifax Assembly plant, the first assembly plant in the company’s history outside of Sweden, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.[8] In 1964, Volvo opened its Torslanda plant in Sweden, which currently is one of its largest production sites (chiefly large cars and SUVs).[9] Then in 1965, the Ghent, Belgium plant was opened, which is the company’s second largest production site.[10] This was also Volvo’s first location producing cars within the European Economic Community.[8] In 1989, the Uddevalla plant in Sweden was opened, which was jointly operated by Volvo Car Corporation and Pininfarina Sverige AB from 2005 to 2013.
Volvo’s long-time CEO Pehr G. Gyllenhammar saw early on that Volvo was too small to survive in the future, and attempted several times to merge with other manufacturers. Volvo nearly merged with Saab in the late seventies, while in 1978 an aborted affair would have seen the Norwegian state take over 40 percent of the company. In return, Volvo would receive 200 million SEK and a ten percent concession in the Oseberg oil field. Major institutional actors in Sweden opposed the deal and blocked it.[12] A deal to merge with Renault was blocked in 1993, mainly opposed by a Swedish stockholders’ association.[13]
A collection of Volvo’s most important historical vehicles are now housed in the Volvo Museum, which opened in a permanent location in Arendal at Hisingen on 30 May 1995.[14] For several years, the collection had been housed at the Blue Hangar, at the then closed Torslanda Airport.[14]
In the early 1970s, Volvo acquired the passenger car division of the Dutch company DAF, and marketed their small cars as Volvos before releasing the Dutch-built Volvo 340, which went on to be one of the biggest-selling cars in the UK market in the 1980s. 1986 marked a record year for Volvo in the US, with 113,267 cars sold. The appearance of Japanese brands like Acura and Lexus in subsequent years meant the loss of a significant market share for Volvo, one which they have never regained.[7]
In 1999, Volvo Group decided to sell its automobile manufacturing business in order to concentrate on commercial vehicles, and to buy a 5% stake in Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors (with which Volvo Group along with the Dutch government participated in a joint venture at the former DAF plant in Born, Netherlands since 1991). Ford saw advantages in acquiring a profitable prestige mid-size European automobile manufacturer, well renowned for its safety aspects, as an addition to its Premier Automotive Group. The buyout of Volvo Cars was announced on 28 January 1999,[15] and in the following year the acquisition was completed at a price of US$6.45 billion. As a result of the divestiture, the Volvo trademark is now utilized by two separate companies:
- Volvo Group – a manufacturer of commercial vehicles, etc. owned by Swedish interests
- Volvo Car Corporation or Volvo Cars – a manufacturer of automobiles owned by Zhejiang Geely Holding Group and formerly owned by Ford Motor Company
Volvo Group completed its 5% deal with Mitsubishi in November 1999, but sold its stake back to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in March 2001.[16][17]
Ford era
Volvo Car Corporation was part of Ford Motor Company’s Premier Automotive Group (PAG), along with Jaguar, Aston Martin and Land Rover. While part of the PAG, the company grew in its range of vehicles significantly.
After Ford sold Jaguar Land Rover to Tata Motors of India in 2008, the company initially decided to keep Volvo Cars despite mounting losses and gross economic downturns. Ford decided to restructure plans for Volvo Cars, pushing it further upmarket alongside the lower end of Mercedes and BMW sedans, wagons, and SUV crossovers. The outcome was the luxurious second generation Volvo S80 and the new small premium crossover Volvo XC60.
When the global economic crisis of 2008 threatened the US automakers, Swedish authorities became concerned about the fate of Volvo if Ford would file for bankruptcy. These concerns mounted after repeated mass-layoffs at Volvo. Ford announced in December 2008 that it was considering selling Volvo Cars. Initially, a sale price of US$6 billion was reported,[18]Ford reported it was also looking into the possibility of spinning off Volvo as an independent company. The Swedish government was asked to look into a possible state ownership of Volvo, or a financial bailout for Volvo Cars and SAAB of GM. Former parent AB Volvo agreed to help Volvo cut costs through partnerships, and suggested taking part in a shared ownership of Volvo Cars amongst a larger consortium. Other rumored candidates to purchase Volvo Cars included BMW AG of Germany, Investor AB of Sweden, Chinese investors, or Russian investors.
Although it was rumoured that Volkswagen would buy Volvo Cars, and despite initial denials, Chinese company Geely Holding Group was ultimately selected to take over the Swedish automaker.[19] Geely Group Holdings Co. allegedly bid about US$1.5 billion to take over Volvo, with Goldman Sachs investing HK$2.59 billion (334 million USD) in the holding company.[20][21][22]
Geely era
Ford Motor Company offered Volvo Cars for sale in December 2008, after suffering losses that year.[23] On 28 October 2009, Ford confirmed that, after considering several offers, the preferred buyer of Volvo Cars was Zhejiang Geely Holding Group, the parent of Chinese motor manufacturer Geely Automobile.[24][25] On 23 December 2009, Ford confirmed the terms of the sale to Geely had been settled. A definitive agreement was signed on 28 March 2010, for $1.8 billion. The European Commission and China’s Ministry of Commerce approved the deal on 6 and 29 July 2010, respectively. The deal closed on 2 August 2010 with Geely paying $1.3 billion cash and a $200 million note. Further payments are expected with a later price “true-up”.[26][27] It is the largest overseas acquisition by a Chinese automaker.[28]
Stefan Jacoby, formerly chief executive of Volkswagen of America, became Volvo Car Corporation’s president and chief executive on 16 August 2010, replacing Stephen Odell, who became chief executive of Ford Europe. Li Shufu became Volvo Cars’ chairman of the board. His board members include vice-chairman Hans-Olov Olsson, a former president and chief executive of Volvo Cars, and Håkan Samuelsson, formerly chief executive of MAN.
Car models
Early years
- Volvo ÖV 4, a.k.a. Jakob
- Volvo PV650 Series
- Volvo TR670 Series
- Volvo PV 36 Carioca
- Volvo PV51
- Volvo PV800 Series (civilian (PV801, PV802, PV810, PV821, PV822 and PV831) and military (TP21/P2104, P2104))
- Volvo PV 60
- Volvo PV444/544
- Volvo Duett (Volvo PV445, P210)
- Volvo P1900
- Volvo Amazon/Volvo 122
- Volvo P1800
- Volvo 66
- Volvo C202
- Volvo C3-series (C303, C304 and C306)
Tri-digit nomenclature
Starting with the 140 series in 1966, Volvo used a tri-digit system for their cars. The first number was the series, the second number the number of cylinders and the third number the number of doors; so a 164 was a 1-series with a six-cylinder engine and four doors. However, there were exceptions to this rule – the 780 for example, came with turbocharged I4 and naturally aspirated V6 petrol engines and I6 diesel engines, but never an eight-cylinder, as the “eight” would suggest. Similarly, the 760 often was equipped with a turbocharged I4 engine, and the Volvo 360 only had four cylinders. Some 240GLT had a V6 engine. The company dropped the meaning of the final digit for later cars like the 740, but the digit continued to identify cars underhood on the identification plate.
- Volvo 140 (Volvo 142, Volvo 144, Volvo 145)
- Volvo 164
- Volvo 240 (Volvo 242, 244, 245)
- Volvo 260 (Volvo 262C, 264, 265)
- Volvo 340 (Volvo 343, 345)
- Volvo 360
- Volvo 440/460
- Volvo 480
- Volvo 740
- Volvo 760
- Volvo 780
- Volvo 850
- Volvo 940
- Volvo 960
Post tri-digit models
- Released in 1995[69]
- Released in 1996[70][71]
- Volvo S70 replaced the 850 saloon
- Volvo V70 replaced the 850 estate
- Volvo S90 replaced the 960 saloon
- Volvo V90 replaced the 960 estate
- Released in 1997[71]
- Released in 1998[71]
- Volvo C70 convertible
- Volvo S80 replaced the Volvo S90
- Released in 2000[70]
- Volvo S60 replaced the Volvo S70
- Volvo V70 II
- Volvo V70 XC II
- Released in 2002[70]
- Released in 2004
- Volvo S40 II replaced the Volvo S40
- Volvo V50 replaced the Volvo V40
- Released in 2006
- Released in 2007
- Released in 2008
- Released in 2010
- Volvo S60 II replaced the S60
- Volvo V60 replaced the V50
- Released in 2012
- Volvo V40 II replaced both the Volvo S40 II and Volvo V50
- Released in 2014
- Volvo XC90 II replaced the Volvo XC90
- Released in 2016
- Volvo S90 II replaced the S80 II
- Volvo V90 II replaced the Volvo V70 III
Current models
Today, the company uses a system of letters denoting body style followed by the series number. “S” stands for “sedan“, “C” stands for “coupé” or “convertible” (including three-door hatchback AKA “shooting brake“) and “V” stands for “versatile” (station wagon). “XC” stands for “cross country” originally added to a more rugged V70 model as the V70XC and indicates all wheel drive paired with a raised suspension to give it an SUV look. Volvo would later change the name to the “XC70” in keeping with its car naming consistent with the XC90. So a V50 is an estate (“V”) that is smaller than the V70.
Originally, Volvo was planning a different naming scheme. S and C were to be the same, but “F”, standing for “flexibility”, was to be used on station wagons. When Volvo introduced the first generation S40 and V40 in 1995, they were announced as the S4 and F4. However, Audi complained that it had inherent rights to the S4 name, since it names its sporty vehicles “S”, and the yet to be introduced sport version of the Audi A4 would have the S4 name. Volvo agreed to add a second digit, so the vehicles became the S40 and F40. However, that led to a complaint from Ferrari, who used the Ferrari F40 name on their legendary sports car. This led to Volvo switching the “F” to “V”, for versatile.
- Small cars (Ford Global C platform)
- Volvo V40 2012–present (M/Y 2013–present)
- Large cars (Volvo P2 platform)
- Volvo XC90 Classic 2014–present (M/Y 2014–present)
- Large cars (Volvo P3 platform)
- Volvo S60 2010–present (M/Y 2011–present)
- Volvo V60 2010–present (M/Y 2011–present)
- Volvo S60 Cross Country 2014–present (M/Y 2015–present)
- Volvo V60 Cross Country 2014–present (M/Y 2015–present)
- Volvo XC60 2008–present (M/Y 2009–present)
- Large cars (Scalable Product Architecture) (SPA)
- Volvo XC90 2014–present (M/Y 2015–present)
- Volvo S90 2016–present (M/Y 2017–present)
- Volvo V90 2016–present (M/Y 2017–present)
- Volvo V90 Cross Country 2016–present (M/Y 2017–present)
Concept cars
- Volvo Venus Bilo (1933)
- Volvo Philip (1952)
- Volvo Margarete Rose (1953)
- Volvo Elisabeth I (1953)
- Volvo VESC (1972)
- Volvo 1800 ESC (1972)
- Volvo EC (1977)
- Volvo City Taxi (1977)
- Volvo Tundra (1979)
- Volvo VCC – Volvo Concept Car (1980)
- Volvo LCP2000 (1983)
- Volvo ECC – Environment Concept Car (1992)
- Volvo ACC – Adventure Concept Car (1997)
- Volvo SCC – Safety Concept Car (2001)
- Volvo PCC – Performance Concept Car (2001)
- Volvo PCC2 (2002)
- Volvo ACC2 (2002)
- Volvo VCC – Versatility Concept Car (2003)
- Volvo YCC – Your Concept Car (2004)
- Volvo T6 (2005)
- Volvo 3CC (2005)
- Volvo C30 Design Concept (2006)
- Volvo XC60 Concept (2006)
- Volvo ReCharge Concept (2007)
- Volvo S60 Concept (2008)
- C30 DRIVe Electric (2010)
- Volvo Universe Concept (2011)
- Volvo Concept You (2011)
- Volvo Concept Coupe (2013)
- Volvo Concept Estate (2014)
- Volvo Concept XC Coupe (2014)
Alternative propulsion
Flexible-fuel vehicles
In 2005, Volvo introduced to the Sweden market the company’s first E85 flexifuel models. Volvo introduced its S40 and V50 with flexible-fuel engines, joined in late 2006 by the then new C30. All Volvo models were initially restricted to the Sweden market, until 2007, when these three models were launched in eight new European markets.[72] In 2008, Volvo launched the V70 with a 2.5-litre turbocharged flexifuel engine.[73]
Plug-in hybrids
The Volvo ReCharge is a plug-in hybrid concept car with an all-electric range (AER) of 60 miles (97 km). It was officially unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show.[74]
On 1 June 2009, Volvo announced the launching of series production diesel-electric plug-in hybrids by 2012.[75][76][77] The company plans to sell a series hybrid with the goal of achieving emissions of less than 50 grams of CO2 per kilometer.[76][77] As part of a joint venture with Vattenfall, a Swedish energy company, Volvo converted two Volvo V70 to plug-in hybrid demonstrators that have been in field testing in Göteborg, Sweden since December 2009.[78] Vattenfall offered customers participating in this trial the supply of renewable electricity generated from wind power or hydropower.[79] Among other challenges, this test has allowed to experience the all-electric range at low temperatures, which has been a disadvantage of plug-in vehicles.[77][78][79]
Electric car
The Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric concept car was exhibited at the 2010 Paris Motor Show and Volvo announced that field testing will begin in 2011, in the US, Europe, and China.[80] The C30 DRIVe electric car has a lithium-ion battery, a top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph), and an all-electric range of up to 150 kilometres (93 mi). Field testing began in 2010 with 10 units in Göteborg, Sweden.[81]
Gas-turbine Hybrid
The Volvo ECC (Environmental Concept Car) was exhibited at the 1992 Paris Motor Show. The vehicles range on batteries alone was 90 miles (140 km), and when combined with a full tank of fuel for the turbine, about 415 miles (668 km).
Drive-E engines
Starting in the 2015 model year (Volvo S60, V60, and XC60), Volvo introduced a line of forced-induction four-cylinder engines, dubbed “Drive-E”,[82] to increase the efficiency of their models without sacrificing performance. These engines also debuted throughout the lineup that year, and also appeared in the second-generation Volvo XC90. Hybridized versions of these engines would, in theory, have enough power to match eight-cylinder engines.
CONCEPT CAR VOLVO
Edition Atlas Volvo Venus Bilo
Brooklin Volvo Philip 1953
GRIFFIN MODELS VOLVO VESC 1972 CONCEPT
HPI-RACING – VOLVO – 850 ESTATE BTCC PROTOTYPE 1994
ATLAS – Volvo ECC Concept
MOTORART – VOLVO – S60 CONCEPT
NOREV – VOLVO – CONCEPT COUPE SALON FRANCFORT 2013
NOREV – VOLVO – CONCEPT ESTATE SALON GENEVE 2014
NOREV – VOLVO – CONCEPT XC COUPE SALON DETROIT 2014
VOLVO CAR MODEL
ATLAS – Volvo ÖV4 Jakob 1927
ATLAS – Volvo PV654 1927
ATLAS – Volvo PV4 1927
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – PV 444 1943
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – PV60 1947
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – PV60 1947
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – P1900 SPORT CONVERTIBLE 1952
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – P1900 SPIDER CABRIOLET 1956
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – PV445 DUETT 1953
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – PV445 DUETT 1954
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – PV445 DUETT VAN SWEDISH POLIS 1955
OXFORD – VOLVO – AMAZON 120 RHD 1956
TROFEU – VOLVO – 445 DUETT VAN NEA 1956
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – P1900 SPORT SPIDER 1956
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – P1900 SPIDER CABRIOLET 1956
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – AMAZON 120 1956
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – PV445 DUETT 1956
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – PV 445 DUETT POLIS – SWEDISH POLICE 1956
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 120 AMAZON 4-DOOR 1956
BROOKLIN-MODELS – VOLVO – AMAZON 120 1957
EDICOLA – VOLVO – AMAZON 120 1957
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 121 AMAZON 4 DOORS-PORTE 1959
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 121 AMAZON SALOON 4 DOOR 1959
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 121 AMAZON 1959 POLIS
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – P1800 JENSEN COUPE 1961
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – 220 AMAZON STATION WAGON 1962
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 220 AMAZON STATION WAGON 1962
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 220 AMAZON STATION WAGON 1962
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – PV210 DUETT VAN 1962
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – PV210 DUETT VAN BP 1962
SOMERVILLE – VOLVO – AMAZON 1962
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – P1800 CABRIOLET 1963
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – AMAZON COUNE CONVERTIBLE 1963
NOREV – VOLVO – P1800 COUPE 1963
BROOKLIN-MODELS – VOLVO – PV 544 1964
IXO-MODELS – VOLVO – PV544 (RED INTERIOR) 1964
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – AMAZON 130 1965
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – P1800 COUPE 1965
EDICOLA – VOLVO – PV544 1965
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 130 AMAZON 2-DOOR 1965
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 121 AMAZON 1966
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 121 AMAZON BREAK SW 1966
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 121 AMAZON 4 DOORS-PORTE 1966
NACORAL – VOLVO – 144 BERLINE 1966
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – 144 4-DOOR 1966
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 144S 1967
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 144S 4-DOOR 1967
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 121 BREAK SW 1967
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – P1800 ES ROCKET 1968
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – 164 4-DOOR 1968
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 164 4-DOOR 1968
EDICOLA – VOLVO – 145 EXPRESS AMBULANCE 1969
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 145 EXPRESS STATION WAGON 1969
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 145 EXPRESS STATION WAGON 1969
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – P 1800 COUPE 1969
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 164 1969
ROBEDDIE – VOLVO – P1800S 1969
EDICOLA – VOLVO – 144 1970
BROOKLIN-MODELS – VOLVO – 164 1970
EDICOLA – VOLVO – 144 TAXI STOCKHOLM 1970
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 145 STATION WAGON POLIS 1971 – POLICE
IXO-MODELS – VOLVO – 144 1971
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – P1800 ES SW 1971
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – P1800 ES 1971
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 145 STATION WAGON 1971
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 145 STATION WAGON USA VERSION 1971
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – P1800ES 1972
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – P1800 ES SW 1972
IXO-MODELS – VOLVO – 144 1972
EDICOLA – VOLVO – 144 TAXI COPENHAGEN 1972
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 142 1973
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – 145 STATION WAGON 1973
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 142 1973
MOTORART – VOLVO – 1800ES 1973
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 164 E US VERSION 1974
BoS-MODELS – VOLVO – 264 TE LIMOUSINE 1975
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – 66 KOMBI 1975
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 66 2-DOOR 1975
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 245DL 1975
PILEN – VOLVO – 66 DL 1975
EDICOLA – VOLVO – 343 1976
WHITEBOX – VOLVO – 343 1976
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 343 1976
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 244 DL 1976
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 244 DL 1976
MATRIX SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 245 TRANSFER (LWB) TAXI 1978
EDICOLA – VOLVO – 264 AMBULANCE 1978
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 264TE LIMOUSINE DDR 1978
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 244 1978
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 244 POLIS SWEDISH POLICE 1978
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 242GT 2-DOOR 1978
BoS-MODELS – VOLVO – 264TE LIMOUSINE DDR 1978
MATRIX SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 264TE LIMOUSINE 1978
MATRIX SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 264TE LIMOUSINE DDR 1978
MATRIX SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 245 4-DOOR LWB STATION WAGON 1978
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 242DL 1979
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 242GT 1979
MATRIX SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 264 NILSSON LANDAULETTE DDR CONVERTIBLE 1981
ATLAS – Volvo 264 TE Landaulet
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 343 POLITIE WIERINGERWERF POLICE 1982
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 760 GLE 1982
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 740 TURBO 1985
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 740 STOCKHOLM POLIS 1985
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 340 1985
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 360GLS 1985
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 240GL BREAK 1986
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 240GL 1986
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 740 GL 1986
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 240GL BREAK 1986 STATION WAGON
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 240GL BREAK 1986
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 240GL NORWAY POLITI 1986
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 360GLT 1987
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 240 POLAR 1988
VOLVO – 480
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 480 ES 1986
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 480 TURBO COUPE 1987
PILEN – VOLVO – 480 ES 1987
EDICOLA – VOLVO – 480 ES 1987
EDICOLA – VOLVO – 480 ES COUPE TURBO USA VERSION 1987
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 480 TURBO 1988
PILEN – VOLVO – 480 TURBO 1988
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 480 CABRIOLET 1990
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 480 TURBO CABRIOLET 1990
VOLVO – 740
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 740 1986
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 740GL 1986
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 740 STATION WAGON 1986
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 740 GL 1987
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 740 TURBO 1987
VOLVO – 440
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 440 1988
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 440 1988
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 440 RIJKSPOLITIE 1990
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – 440 RIJKSPOLITIE DISTRICT ALKMAAR POLICE 1992
VOLVO – 460
PILEN – VOLVO – 460 GL 1990
VOLVO – 960
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 960 ESTATE 1992
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 960 ESTATE 1992
VOLVO – 940
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 940 GL 1992
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 940 GL ESTATE STATION WAGON 1992
VOLVO – 850
HPI-RACING – VOLVO – 850 ESTATE BTCC 1994 – PRESS
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 850 SALOON 1994
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – 850 BREAK 1994
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – 850 T5-R SW STATION WAGON 1995
HPI-RACING – VOLVO – 850R ESTATE 1996
VOLVO – T-5R
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – T-5R BRAKE 1995
VOLVO – 960
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 960 SEDAN 1995
NEO SCALE MODELS – VOLVO – 960 SEDAN 1996
VOLVO – V 40
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – V 40 SW 1996
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – V 40 SW 2000
TRIPLE9 – VOLVO – V40 2001
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – S40 2001
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – S40 2003
MOTORART – VOLVO – S40 2006
NOREV – VOLVO – V40 2016
VOLVO V70 – C70
HONGWELL – VOLVO – SET X2 STATION WAGON – 9.5 COMBI 1997 – V70 1996
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – C70 COUPE 1997
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – C70 COUPE 1998
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – C 70 CABRIOLET 1998 SPIDER
ATLAS – VOLVO – C 70 CABRIOLET 1998
EDICOLA – VOLVO – C70 1998
SCHUCO – VOLVO – C70 COUPE 1998
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – S70 1998
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – V 70 BREAK SW 1998
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – C70 CABRIOLET 1999
SCHUCO – VOLVO – C70 CABRIOLET 1999
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – V 70 BREAK SW 2000
DNA COLLECTIBLES – VOLVO – V70 XC CROSS COUNTRY SW STATION WAGON 2001
HONGWELL – VOLVO – V70 SMUR MUG AMBULANCE 2002
EDICOLA – VOLVO – V70 STATION WAGON POLITI NORVEGIA 2002 POLICE
EDICOLA – VOLVO – V70 GRAUBUNDEN POLIZEI-POLIZIA SVIZZERA 2002
HONGWELL – VOLVO – V70 POLICE GREATER MANCHESTER 2002
MOTORART – VOLVO – C70 CABRIOLET 2005
MOTORART – VOLVO – V70 SW VOLVO OCEAN RACE 2005-2006
BURAGO – VOLVO – C70 COUPE 2006
HONGWELL – VOLVO – V70 STATION WAGON 2007
MOTORART – VOLVO – V70 SW 2007
HONGWELL – VOLVO – V70 NETHERLAND POLICE 2008
MOTORART – VOLVO – C70 CABRIOLET 2009
NOREV – VOLVO – V70 2013
VOLVO S80
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – S80 1998
PREMIUM-X – VOLVO – S80 1999
HONGWELL – VOLVO – S80 4-DOOR 2006
MOTORART – VOLVO – S80 2007
MOTORART – VOLVO – S80 EXECUTIVE 2007
NOREV – VOLVO – VOLVO S80 2013
VOLVO S60
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – S60 2000
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – S 60 2000
EDICOLA – VOLVO – S60 LOGREGLAN POLICE ISLANDA 2000
MOTORART – VOLVO – V60 SW 2010
MOTORART – VOLVO – S60 2010
NOREV – VOLVO – V60 2013
NOREV – VOLVO – S60 2013
VOLVO – V50
HONGWELL – VOLVO – V50 STATION WAGON 2003
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – V50 4-DOOR 2003
MOTORART – VOLVO – V50 STATION WAGON 2004
EDICOLA – VOLVO – V50 SW – STATION WAGON POLIZIA 2006
VOLVO – S60R
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – S60R 2003
VOLVO – V70XC – CX
MINICHAMPS – VOLVO – V70XC 2000
MOTORART – VOLVO – XC70 4X4 2007
NOREV – VOLVO – XC70 2013
VOLVO – S90 V90
ATLAS – Volvo S90 USA
NOREV – VOLVO – S90 2016
NOREV – VOLVO – V90 2016
NOREV – VOLVO – V90 CROSS COUNTRY 2017
VOLVO – C30
HONGWELL – VOLVO – C30 COUPE 2-DOOR 2006
CARARAMA – VOLVO – C30 COUPE 2-DOOR 2006
MOTORART – VOLVO – C30 COUPE 2-DOOR 2006
SOLIDO – VOLVO – C30 COUPE 2-DOOR 2007
MOTORART – VOLVO – C30 COUPE 2009
VOLVO – XC60
MOTORART – VOLVO – XC60 2008
HONGWELL – VOLVO – XC60 2008
HONGWELL OLIEX – VOLVO – XC60 2010
NOREV – VOLVO – XC60 2013
VOLVO – XC90
MOTORART – VOLVO – XC90 4×4 2002
VOLVO TP21
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